Abstract:

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Objective: To provide an updated narrative review of current concepts relative to the impact of female hormones on the periodontium throughout the life stages of the female patient. To analyze the implications for the clinician, and to amalgamate the main findings from a wide range of empirical studies and theoretical perspectives.

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Method: Narrative review of the literature synthesizing the findings of an extensive collection of literature retrieved from searches of computerized databases, hand searches, authoritative texts and personal communication. The subjects included oestrogen, progesterone, testosterone, puberty, menstruation, contraception, pregnancy, menopause and periodontal disease, periodontium, inflammation and the inflammatory cascade.

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Results: Drawing from an extensive collection of literature, this review offers insights into the dual function of oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone in mediating inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses to local factors, primarily plaque biofilm, and the regulation of the inflammatory cascade. These responses differ between the life stages of puberty, menstruation, contraception, pregnancy and menopause.

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Conclusions:  Key findings suggest that while the understanding of the impact of female hormones on the periodontium has become clearer, it has also highlighted areas that require further research and clarification. The implications of this review point to the need for clinicians to recognise the connection between hormone fluctuations and periodontal disease, to create well-informed personalised treatment plans for female patients, and the need for ongoing research to improve oral health outcomes and systemic health and well-being.

 

 Key Words: Female hormones, periodontium, puberty, pregnancy, menstruation, contraception, menopause.